When the set inspiratory time is shorter than the neural inspiratory time, the patient's inspiration continues after the end of mechanical inflation resulting in an upward deflection (decreased expiratory flow) in the initial phase of expiratory flow-time scalar.

During the expiratory phase, the inspiratory valve remains closed while the expiratory valve stays open. Normal expiration is typically a passive process driven by the elastic recoil of the respiratory system, resulting in an expiratory flow-time graph that exhibits an exponential decay pattern. However, when a patient briefly initiates an inspiratory effort within the expiratory phase, it can lead to a reduction or absence of gas returning to the exhalation valve, causing a

In late cycling, neural inspiration concludes, but the ventilator remains in the inspiratory phase because the set inspiratory time exceeds the patient's neural inspiratory time. The patient's use of expiratory muscles to counteract mechanical inflation causes a pressure spike in the late inspiratory phase and an early return of the flow waveform to the baseline.